Free Macbeth Essays: The Inner-Macbeth :: GCSE Coursework Macbeth Essays

The Inner-Macbeth Assumptions are made throughout our lives, just as the nobles suspect Macbeth of murder. Macbeth has given them a reasonable amount of examples to justify their predictions of his bloody doings, yet his inner monologue is available only to the reader. Such thoughts of his guilt and remorse are expressed through his discussions with Lady Macbeth, his unconscious reactions to Banquo’s ghost and the "tomorrow and tomorrow" speech. Scotland makes accusations through Banquo’s soliloquy and the nobles speaking of Macbeth in act five proving their beliefs of murder. The entire country believes he is covered in blood yet the reader is the only one who understands his reactions towards the deeds he has committed. Like a child, Macbeth attempts to run away from his problems, yet he has no where to go. "I am afraid to think what I have done", reveals his inability to think over scenarios before he commits them. He now realizes what he has done is against his own morals, knee deep in guilt, and attempts to figure out his problems with his wife. Macbeth ‘s conscious screams through, "Ere we will eat our meal I fear and sleep in the affliction of these terrible dreams that shake us nightly", for the reality of the crime has come into realization and the only one Macbeth can confide in is Lady Macbeth. At this point in the book, no guilt is felt on behalf of Lady Macbeth leaving Macbeth resembling a boy crying for help when no one is listening. Through Macbeth’s attempt to make sense of what has happened during the "tomorrow and tomorrow" speech, he states, "Life’s but a waking shadow, a poor player that struts and frets his hour upon the stage and then is heard no more". He claims we will all, at some point in our lives, end up having to finish our play, though when that happens it makes no difference, for our lives ‘signify nothing.’ By claiming life is insignificant, Macbeth makes excuses for the murders he has committed, yet deep down inside this is simply a cover-up for the guilt boiling inside. Assumptions, made by Macbeth, about the meaning of life proves Macbeth is really to soothe his own remorse by summarizing life through the eyes of a murderer. Such a soliloquy has Scotland looking down upon him, for he seems relentless and bloody.

John Locke and the Unequal Distribution of Wealth Essay example -- Empi

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It is stated by John Locke that in the state of nature no man may take more then he can consume. â€Å"†¦make use of any advantage of life before it spoils†¦whatever is beyond this is more than his share and belongs to others. Nothing was made by God for man to spoil or destroy. (Locke 14)† Locke then goes on to say, â€Å"God gave the world to man †¦ for their benefit and the greatest conveniences of life they were capable to draw from it, it cannot be supposed he meant it should always remain common and uncultivated. He gave it to the use of the industrious and rational- and labor was to be his title†¦ (Lock 15)† Both of statements can stand alone, each could be argued. For starters, it is not only selfish to take more then you ever will be able to use, it is just stupid, and if you make it with your sweat, why shouldn’t it be yours to keep or profit from. The only problem is, that one of these statements is the head of a starving serpent, and the other its delicious tale. It is hard to believe the head could stay alive without devouring the tale. We should start this argument at the head and work our way down. If John Locke were alive today he would be a lawyer. Not just any lawyer though, a big business lawyer working for a company like Enron. He would try to justify the destruction caused by overly rich, overly powerful people, with statements such as ones that will follow. When first reading Locke you might think, â€Å" Hey, this guy sounds like a lawyer....

Comparing the Power of Fiction in Canterbury Tales and Lord of the Flies :: comparison compare contrast essays

The Power of Fiction Revealed in Canterbury Tales and Lord of the Flies In accordance with E.M. Foster's analysis of a character's hidden life, a work of fiction gives us a better insight into the theme of a novel. As E.M. Foster said, "Fiction is truer than history, for it is in fiction [and drama] that we can understand the hidden life of the characters." History is the study of past events. It is based mostly on fact, accepted concepts and stories. Fiction is a literical genre in which the author writes about untrue events. The telling of historical events in a novel limits a reader's ability to expand on the text because it is a text based on textual references from the past. Fiction, on the other hand, sets no boundaries for the reader. In fictional literature the reader can expand and point his own picture in his mind without having to question his own creativity. In "The Canterbury Tales" by Geoffrey Chaucer, the use of type casting in the direct and indirect characterization of the pilgrims shows us their true personalities. While Cha ucer uses characterization to reveal his characters. William Golding in his novel, The Lord of the Flies writes through allegorical writing which uses symbolism to portray a bigger meaning than the story's plot. Â   In "The Canterbury Tales" written by Geoffrey Chaucer, the pilgrims are characterized in two different ways to reveal their real intentions. "The Pardoner's Tale" is told by a Pardoner who is characterized in the prologue as selling fake relics. He than in his own tale goes on to denounce greed. By stating the pardoner's own selfishness it contradicts his own religious state in life. A Pardoner forgives others sins, but one with already too much load on his soul would not be able to do that. The Pardoner thinks himself to be a very holy and righteous man but does not realize that his own greed is seen by all the pilgrims after he admits selling fake relics. That makes his sermon of how "Greed is the root of all evil" a total hypocrisy. Chaucer purposely chose a member of a religious community to write a tale on because he wanted to write about unfaithful who sold indulgences to people.

Disney Case

MARKETING 461: CONSUMER BEHAVIOR DISNEY CONSUMER PRODUCTS: MARKETING NUTRITION TO KIDS CASE OVERVIEW: In September 2006 Disney Consumer Products (DCP), the licensing arm of the Walt Disney Company, introduced a broad line of child-oriented â€Å"better for you† foods ranging from fresh fruits and vegetables to frozen meals through an exclusive partnership with Kroger supermarkets. â€Å"Disney Magic Selections† were designed to meet stringent nutritional requirements set by Disney and were supported by child-oriented packaging featuring two new Disney character personas: Chef Mickey for packaged foods and Farmer Mickey for fresh fruits and vegetables.The launch was part of a major shift in DCP’s food and beverage products strategy. In response to a global rise in childhood obesity, Disney changed from a passive licensor of Disney characters to food companies to become a strong advocate of better nutrition for children. The Walt Disney Company—and by extens ion DCP—was highly influential with children. The case asks whether the company can use â€Å"Disney magic† to get children to switch from sugary, processed foods and become lifelong converts to a more nutritious diet.More broadly, the case allows students to consider the role and responsibility of a for-profit company in addressing a significant social issue, namely, obesity. QUESTIONS: Answer each question in as much detail as possible. Questions 1-6 are worth 10 points. The last two questions are worth 20 points. 1. What does the Disney brand stand for? How does the Disney brand translate to â€Å"food†? Do you agree that companies like Disney can be a credible source of nutrition information? 2.Is it a good idea for Disney to participate in the children’s food business? Explain with at least 3 reasons. 3. Based on what you know about children and their behavior, from a communication perspective, what do you think Disney needs to do to be successful wi th this new launch (Discuss at least 3 things)? 4. How important is it to the Disney brand to reduce childhood obesity? What is the role of government as it relates to this topic? 5. Discuss the retail channel strategy. Should Disney look for more partners like Kroger?If so, when? 6. How should Disney manage the risks identified at the end of the case? Are there any other risks associated with this strategy? 7. If Disney is truly concerned about children and nutrition, what else should Disney do as part of their overall marketing strategy (e. g. besides launching a new line of food)? 20 points for 5 reasonable ideas. 8. Do you think it is ethical to market to children? Why or Why not? Base your response on research facts about children’s cognitive development. 20 points. Disney Case MARKETING 461: CONSUMER BEHAVIOR DISNEY CONSUMER PRODUCTS: MARKETING NUTRITION TO KIDS CASE OVERVIEW: In September 2006 Disney Consumer Products (DCP), the licensing arm of the Walt Disney Company, introduced a broad line of child-oriented â€Å"better for you† foods ranging from fresh fruits and vegetables to frozen meals through an exclusive partnership with Kroger supermarkets. â€Å"Disney Magic Selections† were designed to meet stringent nutritional requirements set by Disney and were supported by child-oriented packaging featuring two new Disney character personas: Chef Mickey for packaged foods and Farmer Mickey for fresh fruits and vegetables.The launch was part of a major shift in DCP’s food and beverage products strategy. In response to a global rise in childhood obesity, Disney changed from a passive licensor of Disney characters to food companies to become a strong advocate of better nutrition for children. The Walt Disney Company—and by extens ion DCP—was highly influential with children. The case asks whether the company can use â€Å"Disney magic† to get children to switch from sugary, processed foods and become lifelong converts to a more nutritious diet.More broadly, the case allows students to consider the role and responsibility of a for-profit company in addressing a significant social issue, namely, obesity. QUESTIONS: Answer each question in as much detail as possible. Questions 1-6 are worth 10 points. The last two questions are worth 20 points. 1. What does the Disney brand stand for? How does the Disney brand translate to â€Å"food†? Do you agree that companies like Disney can be a credible source of nutrition information? 2.Is it a good idea for Disney to participate in the children’s food business? Explain with at least 3 reasons. 3. Based on what you know about children and their behavior, from a communication perspective, what do you think Disney needs to do to be successful wi th this new launch (Discuss at least 3 things)? 4. How important is it to the Disney brand to reduce childhood obesity? What is the role of government as it relates to this topic? 5. Discuss the retail channel strategy. Should Disney look for more partners like Kroger?If so, when? 6. How should Disney manage the risks identified at the end of the case? Are there any other risks associated with this strategy? 7. If Disney is truly concerned about children and nutrition, what else should Disney do as part of their overall marketing strategy (e. g. besides launching a new line of food)? 20 points for 5 reasonable ideas. 8. Do you think it is ethical to market to children? Why or Why not? Base your response on research facts about children’s cognitive development. 20 points.

Vending Machines

In School Vending Machines Thesis Statement: By looking at studies of in-school vending machines you can see that they are becoming a true problem. This is important because vending machines are lowering education standards and are contributing to the obesity epidemic. Introduction â€Å"Can I go to the vending machine? † This is common questions teachers are asked everyday in the class room. In-school vending machines have shown to be a problem for years now. Food sold out of school vending machines should make positive contributions to children’s everyday diet and health.As it is, parents have a hard enough time guiding their children’s eating habits, but with school vending machines it makes in nearly impossible. This has also become a common excuse to skip as much class as possible, causing distractions. By looking at studies of in-school vending machines you can see that they are becoming a true problem. This is important because vending machines are lowerin g education standards and are contributing to the obesity epidemic. Body I. Education is important. A. Vending machines have become easy an excuse. 1.If schools ban in-school vending machines then students would no longer have the opportunity to easily skip class and walk around the hallways freely. 2. Without vending machines teachers would be able to conduct a class room with fewer distractions and more faces. B. Some people argue that vending machines aren’t a classroom problem. 1. Food provides energy which helps students think. 2. Schools should have policies regarding specific times students are allowed at vending machines. C. Everyday I see peers ask teachers if they can go to the vending machine.This not only makes the teacher lose focus, but the students as well and we all know how hard it can be to get a classroom full of students back on topic. When students skip class they do not learn, which is the exact opposite reason students come to school. Transition: This i sn’t just an education problem, it also effects the obesity epidemic. II. Obesity has become a major problem. A. Dispensing junk. 1. A nationwide survey of vending machines in middle schools and high schools finds that 75 percent of the drinks and 85 percent of the snacks sold are of poor nutritional value. 2. 5 percent of teens who describe themselves as overweight say they buy junk food or soda at school.B. Some say vending machines have to much focus 1. Critics argue that by focusing on school vending machines, states ignore other ways to help children lose weight like promoting a balanced diet and increasing physical education and nutrition classes in schools. 2. Many people argue that a restrictive approach where you single out a particular food or beverage is never going to work because children can simply go to a near by covenant store and purchase the exact same things a vending machine offers. C. Soda and low-nutrition snack foods are a key source of excess calories in children’s diets, contribute to overweight and obesity, and displace more nutritious foods. Obesity rates have doubled in children and tripled in adolescents over the last two decades. Studies show that children’s soft drink intake has increased, and children who drink more soft drinks consume more calories and are more likely to be overweight than kids who drink fewer soft drinks Transition: School lunches have the right nutrients. III.School lunches offer healthier choices. A. School lunches are down and vending machines are up. 1. Junk foods in school vending machines compete with the more nutritious meals offered by the School Lunch Program. 2. Senator Tom Harkin said â€Å"Congress should step in and ensure that soda, candy, chips, and cookies don’t become the de facto school lunch. USDA needs to set standards for all foods sold in schools that participate in the federal school lunch program. † B. Many students say that school lunches are gross. 1 .During lunch I often hear students complaining of having the same thing two days before assuming it is the left overs. 2. Many students believe that school lunches are equally or sometimes even less nutritional then food sold out of a vending machine. C. . The governmental School Lunch program exists from the reason of providing nutrition to all the students. There is a set nutrient content and portion size for official school meals, meaning that the lunches served at Republic high school might seem cheap and gross, but they are far more nutritional than vending machine snacks.Conclusion The facts and statistics prove that vending machines do more harm than good for students and faculty. Vending machines have become just an annoyance for the faculty because of the students’ constant requests for hall passes that lead them directly to the vending machines. They also have to deal with students desiring to have sodas and snacks in the class room which destroy equipment if spill ed. Vending machines are harmful to students primarily because they assist in producing poor heating habits that can carry over to adulthood.Removing vending machines would assist to refocus attention on learning and not caffeine and sugar rushes.Works Cited Chang, Alicia. Schools across the U. S. Target Vending Machines in Obesity Controversy. N. p. , 26 Feb. 2004. Web. 1 Nov. 2010. Lipman, Richard. Children's Weight Gain From School Vending Machines. Enzine Articles , 21 Dec. 2009. Web. 1 Nov. 2010. . School Vending Machines â€Å"Dispensing Junk†. Center for science in the public intrest, 11 May 2004. Web. 1 Nov. 2010. . .

Questions: International Trade Theory

Chapter 05 International Trade Theory True / False Questions 1. (p. 161) Propagated in the 16th and 17th centuries, mercantilism advocated that countries should discourage both imports and exports. FALSE AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-1 Topic: An Overview of Trade Theory 2. (p. 161) Free trade refers to a situation where a government attempts to influence through quotas or duties what its citizens can buy from another country, or what they can produce and sell to another country. FALSE AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-1 Topic: An Overview of Trade Theory 3. (p. 61) Proposed in 1776, David Ricardo's theory was the first to explain why unrestricted free trade is beneficial to a country. FALSE AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-1 Topic: An Overview of Trade Theory 4. (p. 161) According to Adam Smith, the invisible hand of the market mechanism, rather than government policy, should determine what a country imports and what it exports. TRUE AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-1 Topic: An Overview of Trade Theory 5. (p. 161) Nineteenth century English economist David Ricardo popularized a laissez-fair stance of government towards trade.FALSE AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-1 Topic: An Overview of Trade Theory 6. (p. 162) The great strength of the theories of Smith, Ricardo, and Heckscher-Ohlin is that they identify the specific benefits of international trade. TRUE AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-1 Topic: An Overview of Trade Theory 7. (p. 162) A country's economy would gain only if its citizens buy products that are made in that country. FALSE AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-1 Topic: An Overview of Trade Theory 8. p. 163) During the 1980s, economist such as Paul Krugman developed what has come to be known as the new tr ade theory. TRUE AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-1 Topic: An Overview of Trade Theory 9. (p. 164) The first theory of international trade emerged in England in the mid-16th century. Referred to as the theory of comparative advantage, its principle assertion was that gold and silver were the mainstays of national wealth and essential to vigorous commerce. FALSE AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: Mercantilism 0. (p. 164) The main tenet of mercantilism was that it was in a country's best interests to maintain a trade surplus. TRUE AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: Mercantilism 11. (p. 165) Zero-sum game refers to a situation in which an economic gain by one country results in an economic loss by another. TRUE AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: Mercantilism 12. (p. 165) A positive-sum game refers to a situation in which ma jor industrial nations can benefit even if some of them are able to benefit more than others.FALSE AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: Mercantilism 13. (p. 165) If a country is more efficient than any other country in the production of a product, it has what is known as definitive advantage in the production of that product. FALSE AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: Absolute Advantage 14. (p. 165) In his 1776 landmark book, â€Å"The Wealth of Nations,† Adam Smith supported the mercantilist assumption that trade is a zero-sum game. FALSE AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-2Topic: Absolute Advantage 15. (p. 165) According to Adam Smith, countries should specialize in the production of goods for which they have an absolute advantage and then trade these for goods produced by other countries. TRUE AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: Absolute Advantage 16. (p. 167-168) Ricardo's theory of competitive advantage says that it is logical for a country to specialize in the production of goods that it produces most efficiently and to export goods that it produces less efficiently. FALSE AACSB: Analytic BT: KnowledgeDifficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: Mercantilism 17. (p. 170) The basic message of the theory of comparative advantage is that potential world production is greater with unrestricted free trade than it is with restricted trade. TRUE AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-3 Topic: Comparative Advantage 18. (p. 170) Smith's theory suggests that consumers in all nations can consume more if there are no restrictions on trade. FALSE AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-3 Topic: Comparative Advantage 19. (p. 70) Ricardo's theory is so powerful that it remains a major intellectual weapon for advocates of free trade. TRUE AACSB: A nalytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-3 Topic: Comparative Advantage 20. (p. 170-171) Nobel Prize-winning economist Paul Samuelson argued that contrary to the standard interpretation, in certain circumstances the theory of comparative advantage predicts that a rich country might actually be worse off by switching to a free trade regime with a poor country. TRUE AACSB: Reflective thinking BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-3Topic: Comparative Advantage 21. (p. 171) Embracing a free trade regime for an advanced economy often implies that the country will produce less of some labor-intensive goods and more of some knowledge-intensive goods, TRUE AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-3 Topic: Comparative Advantage 22. (p. 172) The comparative advantage model assumed that trade does not change a country's stock of resources or the efficiency with which it utilizes those resources. TRUE AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge D ifficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-3 Topic: Comparative Advantage 23. (p. 74) A study over the 1950-1998 period revealed that countries that liberalized their trade regimes experienced, on average, increases in their annual growth rates of 15 percent compared to preliberalization times. FALSE AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-3 Topic: Comparative Advantage 24. (p. 175) Despite the short-term adjustment costs associated with adopting a free trade regime, trade would seem to produce a greater economic growth and higher living standards in the long run, just as Ricardo's theory leads us to expect. TRUE AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: EasyLearning Objective: 5-3 Topic: Comparative Advantage 25. (p. 176) Factor endowments refer to the extent to which a country is endowed with such factors as land, labor, and capital. TRUE AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: Heckscher-Ohlin Theory 26. (p. 176) The He ckscher-Ohlin theory would predict that the United States should be a primary importer of capital goods. FALSE AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: Heckscher-Ohlin Theory 27. (p. 176) The Heckscher-Ohlin theory has been one of the least influential in international economics.FALSE AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: Heckscher-Ohlin Theory 28. (p. 176) Most economists prefer the Heckscher-Ohlin theory to Ricardo's theory because it makes fewer simplifying assumptions and it has been subjected to many empirical tests. TRUE AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: Heckscher-Ohlin Theory 29. (p. 177) Wassily Leontief's theory of the product life-cycle was based on the observation that for most of the 20th century, a very large proportion of the world's new products were developed by foreign nations and sold in he U. S. market. FALSE AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Diffic ulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: The Product Life-Cycle Theory 30. (p. 177) Vernon argued that early in the life cycle of a typical new product, while demand is starting to grow rapidly in the United States, demand in other advanced countries is available to all income groups. FALSE AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: The Product Life-Cycle Theory 31. (p. 178) Historically, the product life-cycle theory seems not to be an accurate explanation of international trade patterns. FALSE AACSB: Analytic BT: KnowledgeDifficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: The Product Life-Cycle Theory 32. (p. 178) Viewed from an Asian or European perspective, Vernon's argument that most new products are developed and introduced in the United States is ethnocentric. TRUE AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: The Product Life-Cycle Theory 33. (p. 180) The new trade theory began to emerge in the 1970s when a num ber of economists pointed out that the ability of firms to attain economies of scale might have important implications for international trade. TRUE AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: EasyLearning Objective: 5-2 Topic: New Trade Theory 34. (p. 180) In industries where economies of scale are important, both the variety of goods that a country can produce and the scale of production are limited by the size of the market. TRUE AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-3 Topic: New Trade Theory 35. (p. 184) In sum, Porter's argument is that the degree to which a nation is likely to achieve international success in a certain industry is a function of the combined impact of factor endowments, domestic demand conditions, related and supporting industries, and lack of domestic rivalry.FALSE AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-4 Topic: National Competitive Advantage: Porter's Diamond 36. (p. 185) According to Porter, advanced factors are the most significant for competitive advantage. TRUE AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: National Competitive Advantage: Porter's Diamond 37. (p. 188) According to Michael Porter, factor endowments can be affected by subsidies, policies toward capital markets, and policies toward education. TRUE AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-4Topic: National Competitive Advantage: Porter's Diamond 38. (p. 189) The individual firm should invest substantial financial resources in trying to build a first-mover, even if that means several years of losses before a new venture becomes profitable. TRUE AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-5 Topic: Focus on Managerial Implications 39. (p. 189) Because of their pivotal role in international trade, businesses are at the mercy of government trade policy. FALSE AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-5 Topic: Focus on Managerial Implications 40. (p. 90) According to Porter's theory of national competitive advantage, a firm should invest in upgrading advanced factors of production because it is in the best interest of business for a firm to do so. TRUE AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-5 Topic: Focus on Managerial Implications Multiple Choice Questions 41. (p. 161) Which of the following is best identified by saying it is the absence of government-imposed barriers to the free flow of goods and services between countries? A. Free trade B. Mercantilism C. Socialism D. Market system AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: EasyLearning Objective: 5-1 Topic: An Overview of Trade Theory 42. (p. 161) _____ refers to a situation where a government does not attempt to influence through quotas or duties what its citizens can buy from another country or what they can produce and sell to another country. A. Mercantile trade B. Free trade C. Clear commerce D. Unen cumbered commerce AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-1 Topic: An Overview of Trade Theory 43. (p. 161) David Ricardo advanced the: A. new trade theory. B. product life-cycle theory. C. comparative advantage theory. D. factor endowment theory. AACSB: AnalyticBT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-1 Topic: An Overview of Trade Theory 44. (p. 161) The theory of comparative advantage, advanced by _____, is the intellectual basis of the modern argument for unrestricted free trade. A. Michael Porter B. David Ricardo C. Bertil Ohlin D. Adam Smith AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-1 Topic: An Overview of Trade Theory 45. (p. 162) How do countries' economies gain from international trade? A. Country can specialize in the manufacturing of products that are produced most efficiently in other countries. B. Citizens should buy only those roducts that are produced domestically. C. Since it is of interest to domesti c producers, countries benefit from international trade. D. Countries can import products that can be produced more efficiently in other countries. AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 5-1 Topic: An Overview of Trade Theory 46. (p. 162) With their future threatened by imports, _____ textile companies and their employees have tried hard to persuade the government to limit the importation of textiles by demanding quotas and tariffs. A. Chinese B. Indian C. Japanese D. U. S. AACSB: Analytic BT: KnowledgeDifficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-1 Topic: An Overview of Trade Theory 47. (p. 162-163) Climate and natural resource endowments explain why all of the following happen EXCEPT: A. Brazil exports coffee. B. Iceland exports oranges. C. China exports crawfish. D. Saudi Arabia exports oil. AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-1 Topic: An Overview of Trade Theory 48. (p. 164) Propagated in the 16th and 17th centuries, _____ advocated that countries should simultaneously encourage exports and discourage imports. A. ethnocentrism B. capitalism C. collectivism D. mercantilismAACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: Mercantilism 49. (p. 164) Which of the following statements most accurately captures the main tenet of mercantilism? A. It is in a country's best interests to not export products to less developed countries. B. It is in a country's best interests to import products that are most efficiently produced at home. C. It is in a country's best interests to import less specialized goods than to attempt to make them at home. D. It is in a country's best interests to maintain a trade surplus, to export more than it imports. AACSB: Reflective thinkingBT: Comprehension Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: Mercantilism 50. (p. 164) Considered to be the first theory of international trade, _____ principal assertion was that gold and silver were the mainstays of national wealth and essential to vigorous commerce. A. collectivism's B. mercantilism's C. capitalism's D. economic conservatism's AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: Mercantilism 51. (p. 164) Which of the following is NOT consistent with the central beliefs of mercantilism? A. Government should intervene to achieve a surplus in the balance of trade.B. Policies should be put in place to minimize exports and maximize imports. C. Imports should be limited by tariffs and quotas. D. Exports should be subsidized. AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: Mercantilism 52. (p. 165) The flaw with mercantilism was that it viewed trade as a: A. zero-sum game. B. mutually beneficial activity. C. nonessential economic activity. D. threat to a government's independence. AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: Mercantilism 53. (p. 165) A situation in which a gain by one party r esults in a loss by nother is called: A. economic independence. B. an unrestricted trade. C. a zero-sum game. D. trade surplus. AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: Mercantilism 54. (p. 165) The theory of _____ was advanced by Adam Smith. A. absolute advantage B. comparative advantage C. new trade D. mercantilism AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: Absolute Advantage 55. (p. 165) A country is noted as having a(n) _____ in the production of a product when it is more efficient than any other country in producing that product. A. comparative advantage B. onsumer advantage C. competitive advantage D. absolute advantage AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: Absolute Advantage 56. (p. 165) According to Smith, countries should specialize in the production of goods for which they have an absolute advantage and then: A. retain these goods for strictly domestic sales. B. trade these goods for the goods produced by other countries. C. sell these goods to the highest domestic or international bidder. D. prohibit the import of these goods from other countries. AACSB: Reflective thinking BT: Comprehension Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 5-2Topic: Absolute Advantage 57. (p. 167) In his 1817 book entitled â€Å"The Principles of Political Economy,† _____ introduced the theory of comparative advantage. A. Adam Smith B. David Ricardo C. Raymond Vernon D. Max Weber AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: Comparative Advantage 58. (p. 167-168) A situation in which a country specializes in producing the goods it produces most efficiently and buys the products it produces less efficiently from other countries, even if it could produce the good more efficiently itself is referred to as: A. comprehensive advantage. B. pertinent advantage.C. comparative advantage. D. absolute advantage. AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowle dge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: Comparative Advantage 59. (p. 170) To an even greater degree than the theory of absolute advantage, the theory of _____ suggests that trade is a positive-sum game in which all gain. A. total advantage B. mercantilism C. comparative advantage D. paradoxical advantage AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-3 Topic: Comparative Advantage 60. (p. 170) _____ theory suggests that consumers in all nations can consume more if there are no restrictions on trade.A. Porter's B. Vernon's C. Samuelson's D. Ricardo's AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-3 Topic: Comparative Advantage 61. (p. 170) Comparative advantage is based on assuming away: A. the effects of trade on income distribution within a country. B. constant returns to scale. C. that the resources can move freely from the production of one good to another. D. that free trade does not change the efficiency with which the co untries use their resources. AACSB: Reflective thinking BT: Comprehension Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 5-3 Topic: Comparative Advantage 2. (p. 170-171) _____ argued that contrary to the standard interpretation, in certain circumstances the theory of comparative advantage predicts that a rich country might actually be worse off by switching to a free trade regime with a poor nation. A. Raymond Vernon B. Andrew Warner C. Paul Samuelson D. Jeffery Sachs AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-3 Topic: Comparative Advantage 63. (p. 171) Which of the following is an issue with the ‘constant returns to specialization' assumption? A. Constant returns to specialization imply a concave PPF. B.Constant returns to specialization suggest that the gains from specialization are likely to be exhausted before specialization is complete. C. It is feasible for a country to specialize to a point where the resulting gains from trade are outweighed by diminis hing returns. D. Resources are of different quality and hence more units are required to produce each additional unit. AACSB: Reflective thinking BT: Comprehension Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 5-3 Topic: Comparative Advantage 64. (p. 171) In comparative advantage, the assumption is that resources can move freely from production of one good to another.Why is this assumption unrealistic? A. The process of shifting resources from one good to another eliminates human suffering. B. The benefit of free trade is much lesser compared to the cost of shifting resources. C. The process of moving resources causes friction and human suffering. D. Resources move easily from one economic activity to the other. AACSB: Reflective thinking BT: Comprehension Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 5-3 Topic: Comparative Advantage 65. (p. 171) The gains from trade once the transition toward free trade has been made: A. eliminates human suffering. B. auses resources to easily shift between econ omic activities. C. is lesser than the cost of shifting resources. D. are both significant and enduring. AACSB: Reflective thinking BT: Comprehension Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 5-3 Topic: Comparative Advantage 66. (p. 173) What would be the consequences of dynamic gains in both the stock of a country's resources and the efficiency with which resources are utilized? A. It will cause the country's PPF to be in a bell-shaped curve. B. The country can produce more goods than it did before free trade. C. Dynamic gains would lead to an outcome that is beneficial under all circumstances.D. The country will achieve constant returns to specialization. AACSB: Reflective thinking BT: Comprehension Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 5-3 Topic: Comparative Advantage 67. (p. 173) What was Samuelson's criticism of free trade? A. He argued that in some circumstances, dynamic gains can lead to an outcome that is beneficial for the country. B. He argued that offshoring service jobs th at were traditionally mobile will increase the market clearing wage rate. C. He favored introducing protectionist measures to guard against the theoretical harmful effects of free trade. D.He argued that being able to purchase groceries 20 percent cheaper at Wal-Mart does not necessarily make up for the wage losses. AACSB: Reflective thinking BT: Comprehension Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 5-3 Topic: Comparative Advantage 68. (p. 174) _____ and _____ created a measure of how open to international trade an economy was and then looked at the relationship between openness and economic growth for a sample of more than 100 countries from 1970 to 1990. A. Ricardo; Smith B. Warner; Sachs C. Porter; Vernon D. Samuelson; Ohlin AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: EasyLearning Objective: 5-3 Topic: Comparative Advantage 69. (p. 176) According to the Heckscher-Ohlin theory, the pattern of international trade is determined by differences in: A. productivity. B. political interests . C. factor endowments. D. national priorities. AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: Heckscher-Ohlin Theory 70. (p. 176) The Heckscher-Ohlin theory: A. argued that comparative advantage arises from differences in national factor endowments. B. argues that differences in labor productivity between nations underlie the notion of comparative advantage. C. redicts that countries will import goods that make intensive use of factors that are locally abundant. D. is less favored than Ricardo's theory because it makes many simplifying assumptions. AACSB: Reflective thinking BT: Comprehension Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: Heckscher-Ohlin Theory 71. (p. 176) Which theory predicts that countries will export those goods that make intensive use of those factors that are locally abundant, while importing goods that make intensive use of factors that are locally scarce? A. Smith-Ricardo B. Vernon-Samuelson C. Heckscher-Ohlin D. Carrier-R oller AACSB: AnalyticBT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: Heckscher-Ohlin Theory 72. (p. 176) Which of the following statements is a fair comparison of the Heckscher-Ohlin theory and the Ricardo theory of free trade? A. Both theories argue that the pattern of international trade is determined by currency exchange rates. B. Unlike Ricardo's theory, the Heckscher-Ohlin theory argues that the pattern of international trade is determined by differences in factor endowments, rather than differences in productivity. C. Both theories argue that the pattern of international trade is determined by constant returns to specialization.D. Unlike the Heckscher-Ohlin theory, Ricardo's theory makes fewer simplifying assumptions. AACSB: Reflective thinking BT: Comprehension Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: Heckscher-Ohlin Theory 73. (p. 176) According to the text, most economists prefer the Heckscher-Ohlin theory to Ricardo's theory because: A. it makes fewe r simplifying assumptions. B. it predicts trade patterns with greater accuracy. C. Ricardo's theory is less accurate due to the Leontief paradox. D. many of the empirical tests have raised questions about the validity of Ricardo's theory. AACSB: Reflective thinking BT: ComprehensionDifficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: Heckscher-Ohlin Theory 74. (p. 176) The Heckscher-Ohlin theory has a(n) _____ appeal. A. political B. commonsense C. economic D. cost efficiency AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: Heckscher-Ohlin Theory 75. (p. 176) Contrary to what the Heckscher-Ohlin theory would predict, the United States has been a primary importer rather than an exporter of capital goods. This phenomenon is referred to as the _____ paradox. A. Theler B. Leontief C. Cormier D. Ricardo AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-2Topic: Heckscher-Ohlin Theory 76. (p. 176) What is a possible explanation for observing the Leontief paradox? A. The U. S. imports goods that heavily use skilled labor and innovative entrepreneurship. B. The U. S. has a special advantage in producing new products made with innovative technologies. C. The U. S. exports heavy manufacturing products that use large amounts of capital. D. The U. S. has a strong absolute advantage over all other foreign nations because of its resource capabilities. AACSB: Reflective thinking BT: Comprehension Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: Heckscher-Ohlin Theory 77. (p. 76) Of the following, whose theory predicted that countries would export goods that make intensive use of factors that are locally abundant while importing goods that make intensive use of factors that are locally scarce? A. Ricardo B. Porter C. Leontief D. Heckscher-Ohlin AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: Heckscher-Ohlin Theory 78. (p. 176) The _____ occurred due to the findings that U. S. exports were less capital- intensive than U. S. imports. A. theory of rising costs B. Leontief paradox C. theory of comparative advantage D. diminishing returns to specialization AACSB: AnalyticBT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: Heckscher-Ohlin Theory 79. (p. 177) David Ricardo's theory of comparative advantage attempts to rationalize why some countries export automobiles, consumer electronics, and machine tools, while other countries export chemicals, watches, and jewelry. This rationalization is best explained in terms of: A. absolute advantage in terms of resources. B. international differences in labor productivity. C. the proportions in which the factors of production are available. D. the cultural histories of the exporting nations. AACSB: Reflective thinking BT: ComprehensionDifficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: Heckscher-Ohlin Theory 80. (p. 177) Raymond Vernon proposed the product life cycle in the mid-1960s. Vernon argued that two factors gave the U. S. firms a strong incentive to develop new consumer products. These two factors were _____ and: A. low cost; number of industries. B. market size; types of competitors. C. wealth; size of the U. S. market. D. low income groups; low cost of U. S. labor. AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: The Product Life-Cycle Theory 81. (p. 177) Vernon's product life-cycle theory was based on the observation hat for most of the 20th century, a very large proportion of the world's new products had been developed by U. S. firms and sold first in the _____ market. A. Japanese B. Western European C. U. S. D. Canadian AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: The Product Life-Cycle Theory 82. (p. 177) Vernon argues that early in the life cycle of a typical new product, while demand is starting to grow rapidly in the United States, demand in other advanced countries: A. remains limited to high income groups. B. necessitates imports to th e U. S. C. attracts manufacturing possibilities.D. limits exports from U. S. AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: The Product Life-Cycle Theory 83. (p. 178) As the market in the U. S. and other advanced nations matures, the product becomes more standardized and price becomes: A. governmentally regulated. B. greater. C. unimportant. D. the main competitive weapon. AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: The Product Life-Cycle Theory 84. (p. 178) Which of the following has historically been noted as being an accurate explanation for international trade patterns?A. Product life-cycle theory B. Absolute advantage theory C. Competitive advantage theory D. Heckscher-Ohlin theory AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: The Product Life-Cycle Theory 85. (p. 178) According to the text, historically the product-life-cycle theory is a(n): A. relevant theory in the modern world . B. accurate explanation of international trade patterns. C. example of culturally relative theories. D. without any weakness. AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: The Product Life-Cycle Theory 86. (p. 78) Which of the following theories might better explain why certain components are produced in certain locations and why the final product is assembled elsewhere? A. New trade B. Comparative advantage C. Heckscher-Ohlin D. Product life-cycle AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: The Product Life-Cycle Theory 87. (p. 180) The _____ theory began to emerge in the 1970s when some economists pointed out the ability of firms to attain economies of scale might have important implications for international trade. A. balanced trade B. Heckscher-Ohlin C. new trade D. product life-cycleAACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: New Trade Theory 88. (p. 180) _____ are unit cost re ductions associated with a large scale of output. A. Comparative advantages B. Factor endowments C. Economies of scale D. Diminishing returns AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: New Trade Theory 89. (p. 180) Because of substantial economies of scale, the _____ theory argues that trade can increase the variety of goods available to consumers. A. comparative advantage B. product life-cycle C. new trade D. Heckscher-Ohlin AACSB: Analytic BT: KnowledgeDifficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: New Trade Theory 90. (p. 180) Which of the following theories argues that due to the presence of substantial scale economies, world demand will support only a few firms in many industries? A. Heckscher-Ohlin B. Leontief's paradox C. Product life-cycle D. New trade AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: New Trade Theory 91. (p. 180) The new trade theory points out that through its impact on economies of scale, tra de can increase the variety of goods available to consumers and: A. reduce the volume of the goods produced. B. eliminate competition.C. lower the costs of the goods. D. reduce the quality of the goods produced. AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-3 Topic: New Trade Theory 92. (p. 180) If a national market is small, there may not be enough demand to enable producers to realize _____ for certain products. A. high volumes B. economies of scale C. low unit costs D. competitive pricing AACSB: Analytic BT: Comprehension Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 5-3 Topic: New Trade Theory 93. (p. 181) Which of the following is NOT an indicator of why trade is considered to be mutually beneficial to those involved in it?A. It allows for specialization. B. It allows for production of products at higher prices. C. It affords realization of scale economies. D. It affords production of a larger variety of products. AACSB: Reflective thinking BT: Comprehension Dif ficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 5-3 Topic: New Trade Theory 94. (p. 181) The economic and strategic advantages that accrue to early entrants in an industry are called: A. first-mover advantages. B. comparative advantages. C. factor endowment advantages. D. first-stage benefits. AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-3Topic: New Trade Theory 95. (p. 181) What of the following is an advantage that first-movers enjoy? A. Benefit from a high cost structure. B. A zero-sum game due to lack of competition. C. Capture scale economies ahead of later entrants. D. Increase trade barriers. AACSB: Reflective thinking BT: Comprehension Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 5-3 Topic: New Trade Theory 96. (p. 181) According to the new trade theory, firms that establish a(n) _____ advantage with regard to the production of a particular new product may subsequently dominate global trade in that product. A. omparative B. late entrant C. first-mover D. constant retur n AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-3 Topic: New Trade Theory 97. (p. 182) The new trade theory is at variance with the _____ theory, which suggests that a country will predominate in the export of a product when it is particularly well endowed with those factors used intensively in its manufacture. A. Heckscher-Ohlin B. product life-cycle C. comparative advantage D. Ricardo-Smith AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-3 Topic: New Trade Theory 98. (p. 83) In terms of first-mover advantages and international trade, who conducted a study suggestive of the existence of first-mover advantages as an important factor in explaining the dominance of firms from certain nations in specific industries? A. Alfred Chandler B. Michael Porter C. Adam Smith D. Hawker Siddley AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-4 Topic: New Trade Theory 99. (p. 183) Considered by some to be the most contentious implica tion of the new trade theory is that it generates an argument for _____ and ______. A. high cost production; high import tariffs. B. igh volume production; low variety of goods. C. weak export; entrepreneurship. D. government intervention; strategic trade policy. AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-4 Topic: New Trade Theory 100. (p. 183) The theory of _____, developed by Michael Porter, focuses on determining why some nations succeed and others fail in international competition. A. new trade B. absolute advantage C. comparative advantage D. national competitive advantage AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: National Competitive Advantage: Porter's Diamond 01. (p. 183) What was the essential task of Michael Porter's national competitive advantage? A. How do nations use their resources efficiently? B. Why does a nation achieve international success in a particular industry? C. How do countries gain first-mover a dvantages? D. Why has a large proportion of the world's new products been developed by U. S. firms and sold first in the U. S. market? AACSB: Reflective thinking BT: Comprehension Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: National Competitive Advantage: Porter's Diamond 102. (p. 184) Porter's suggested four attributes making up the diamond† consist of factor endowments, relating and supporting industries, firm strategy and structure, and: A. competitive advantage. B. mercantilism. C. constant returns to specialization. D. demand conditions. AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: National Competitive Advantage: Porter's Diamond 103. (p. 184) Which of the following indicate the presence or absence of supplier industries and related industries that are internationally competitive? A. Factor endowments B. Firm's structure and rivalry C. Relating and supporting industriesD. Demand conditions AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Ea sy Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: National Competitive Advantage: Porter's Diamond 104. (p. 184) According to Porter's diamond, a nation's position in factors of production such as skilled labor or the infrastructure necessary to compete in a given industry is best referred to as: A. capitalization. B. diminishing returns. C. factor endowments. D. relating industries. AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: National Competitive Advantage: Porter's Diamond 105. (p. 84) Porter's thesis was that four broad attributes of a nation shape the environment in which local firms compete, and that these attributes promote or impede the creation of competitive advantage. All of the following are attributes EXCEPT: A. factor endowments. B. first-mover advantages. C. firm strategy, structure, and rivalry. D. relating and supporting industries. AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: National Competitive Advantage: Porter's Diamond 106. (p. 184) Porter maintains that two additional variables can influence the national diamond in important ways.These two variables are _____ and ______. A. entrepreneurship, strategic trade policies. B. trade shortage, high import tariffs. C. absolute advantage; PPF. D. chance; government. AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: National Competitive Advantage: Porter's Diamond 107. (p. 185) In the context of factor endowments, which of the following are considered to be classed as advanced factors? A. Demographics B. Climate and location C. Natural resources D. Skilled labor AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: National Competitive Advantage: Porter's Diamond 08. (p. 185) Porter argued that in terms of factor endowments, _____ factors are the most significant for competitive advantage in his study dealing with the competitive advantage of nations. A. constant B. basic C. advanced D. complement ary AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: National Competitive Advantage: Porter's Diamond 109. (p. 185) Porter argues that a nation's firms gain competitive advantage if their domestic consumers are _____ and _______. A. sophisticated; demanding. B. ethnocentric; rich. C. accommodating; uneducated. D. low skilled; nationalist. AACSB: AnalyticBT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: National Competitive Advantage: Porter's Diamond 110. (p. 185) Michael Porter emphasizes the role home demand plays in upgrading: A. competitive advantage. B. factor endowment. C. constant returns to specialization. D. production possibility frontier. AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: National Competitive Advantage: Porter's Diamond 111. (p. 185) Unlike the naturally endowed basic factors, advanced factors are a product of investment by all of the following EXCEPT: A. companies. B. governments. C. dem ographics.D. individuals. AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: National Competitive Advantage: Porter's Diamond 112. (p. 187) In Porter's model of competitive advantage, the fourth broad attribute is the strategy, structure, and rivalry of firms within a nation. Porter suggested that there is a strong association between _____ and the creation and persistence of competitive advantage in an industry. A. inflation B. vigorous domestic rivalry C. new government regulations and higher taxes D. new product development AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-2Topic: National Competitive Advantage: Porter's Diamond 113. (p. 187) Who argued that successful industries within a country tend to be grouped into â€Å"clusters† of related industries? A. Porter B. Vernon C. Ricardo D. Heckscher AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: National Competitive Advantage: Porter's Diamond 1 14. (p. 187-188) Porter argues that the presence of all components is usually required for the â€Å"diamond† to boost: A. international recognition. B. competitive performance. C. corporate social responsibility. D. employee morale. AACSB: Analytic BT: KnowledgeDifficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-4 Topic: National Competitive Advantage: Porter's Diamond 115. (p. 188) We would expect Porter's model to predict _____, if he is correct. A. currency exchange rates B. membership in the WTO C. the pattern of international trade D. factor endowments AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-4 Topic: National Competitive Advantage: Porter's Diamond 116. (p. 189) According to the new trade theory, firms that establish a(n) _____ advantage in terms of the production of a particular new product may subsequently dominate global trade in that product.A. competitive B. comparative C. absolute D. first-mover AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learni ng Objective: 5-5 Topic: Focus on Managerial Implications 117. (p. 189) The manufacture of standard electronic components is a _____ process requiring semi-skilled labor. A. low cost B. capital-intensive C. labor-intensive D. first-mover advantage AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-5 Topic: Focus on Managerial Implications 118. (p. 189) Because of their pivotal role in international trade, _____ can exert a strong influence on government trade policies.A. individual citizens B. voluntary organizations C. unions D. businesses AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-5 Topic: Focus on Managerial Implications 119. (p. 190) Porter's theory of national competitive advantage suggests that it is in the best interest of business for a firm to invest in upgrading advanced factors of production. The means for accomplishing this include all of the following EXCEPT: A. increase research and development activities. B. provide better t raining for employees. C. adopt policies that eliminate competition.D. develop methods to improve the skill levels of workers. AACSB: Reflective thinking BT: Comprehension Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 5-5 Topic: Focus on Managerial Implications 120. (p. 190) According to Porter's theory, governments should be urged to _____ that will have a favorable impact on each component of the national diamond. A. increase trade barriers B. favor unionization C. adopt policies D. restrict import AACSB: Analytic BT: Comprehension Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 5-5 Topic: Focus on Managerial Implications Essay Questions 121. p. 161, 164) What is meant by the term â€Å"free trade†? Was Adam Smith an advocate or critic of free trade? Is free trade compatible with the concept of mercantilism? Free trade refers to a situation where a government does not attempt to influence through quotas or duties what its citizens can buy from another country or what they can produce and s ell to another country. This concept was supported by Adam Smith, who argued that the â€Å"invisible hand† of the market mechanism, rather than government policy, should determine what a country imports and what it exports.The concept of mercantilism is not compatible with the concept of free trade. The main tenet of mercantilism is that it is in a country's best interests to maintain a trade surplus by exporting more than it imports. Consistent with this belief, the mercantilist doctrine advocated government intervention to achieve a surplus in the balance of trade. AACSB: Reflective thinking BT: Comprehension Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 5-1 Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: An Overview of Trade Theory, Mercantilism 122. (p. 161) When does free trade occur?Free trade occurs when a government does not attempt to influence through quotas or duties what its citizens can buy from another country or what they can produce and sell to another country. AACSB: Reflective thi nking BT: Comprehension Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-1 Topic: An Overview of Trade Theory 123. (p. 165) Describe Adam Smith's concept of absolute advantage. According to Smith, countries should specialize in the production of goods for which they have an absolute advantage and then trade those goods for the goods produced by other countries.For instance, during Smith's time, England had an absolute advantage in the production of textiles, and France had an absolute advantage in the production of wine. According to the concept of absolute advantage, it then only makes sense for England to produce textiles (and export them to France), and France to produce wine (and export it to England). Smith's basic argument, therefore, was that a country should never produce goods at home that it can buy at a lower cost from other countries.Moreover, Smith argued that by specializing in the production of goods in which each has an absolute advantage, both countries benefit by engaging in trade. AACSB: Reflective thinking BT: Comprehension Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: Absolute Advantage 124. (p. 176) Describe the Heckscher-Ohlin theory of international trade. The Heckscher-Ohlin theory predicts that countries will export those goods that make intensive use of those factors that are locally abundant, while importing goods that make intensive use of factors that are locally scarce.Thus, the Heckscher-Ohlin theory attempts to explain the pattern of international trade that we see in the world economy. The Heckscher-Ohlin theory is consistent with the notion of free trade. It also has commonsense appeal, and there are many examples of international commerce that are supportive of the theory. AACSB: Reflective thinking BT: Comprehension Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: Heckscher-Ohlin Theory 125. (p. 177) Describe the central tenant of the product life-cycle theory. Raymond Vernon initially proposed the product life-cycle theory in t he mid-1960s.Vernon's theory was based on the observation that for most of the 20th century a very large proportion of the world's new products had been developed by U. S. firms and sold first in the U. S. market. It could be produced abroad at some low-cost location and then exported back into the United States. Vernon went on to argue that early in the life cycle of a typical new product, while demand is starting to grow rapidly in the United States, demand in other advanced countries is limited to high-income groups.The limited initial demand in other advanced countries does not make it worthwhile for firms in those countries to start producing the new product, but it does necessitate some exports from the United States to those countries. Over time, demand for the new product grows in other advanced countries (e. g. , Great Britain, France, Germany, and Japan). As it does, it becomes worthwhile for foreign producers to begin producing for their home markets. AACSB: Reflective th inking BT: Comprehension Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: The Product Life-Cycle Theory 126. (p. 80, 182) Describe the new trade theory. How does the new trade theory help us understand why the United States is dominant in the world market for commercial aircraft exports? New trade theory makes two important points: First, through its impact on economies of scale, trade can increase the variety of goods available to consumers and decrease the average costs of those goods. Second, in those industries when the output required to attain economies of scale represents a significant proportion of total world demand, the global market may be able to support only a small number of enterprises.Thus, world trade in certain products may be dominated by countries whose firms were first movers in their production. In such industries, firms that enter the market first build a competitive advantage that is difficult to challenge. Thus, the observed pattern of trade between nations may in part be due to the ability of firms to capture first-mover advantages. New trade theorists argue that the United States is a major exporter of commercial jet aircraft not because it is better endowed with the factors of production required to manufacture aircraft, but because one of the first movers in the industry, Boeing, was a U. S. firm.This dominance is further reinforced because global demand may not be sufficient to profitably support another producer of midsized and large jet aircraft in the industry. AACSB: Reflective thinking BT: Comprehension Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 5-2 Learning Objective: 5-3 Topic: New Trade Theory 127. (p. 181) Describe what is meant by first-mover advantages. First-mover advantages are the economic and strategic advantages that accrue to early entrants into an industry. The ability to capture scale economies ahead of later entrants, and thus benefit from a lower cost structure, is an important first-mover advantage.New trade the ory argues that for those products where economies of scale are significant and represent a substantial proportion of world demand, the first movers in an industry can gain a scale-based cost advantage that later entrants find almost impossible to match. AACSB: Reflective thinking BT: Comprehension Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 5-3 Topic: New Trade Theory 128. (p. 184) Identify and describe the four attributes advanced by Porter. What did Porter conclude from his analysis? The four attributes identified by Porter are as follows:Factor Endowments: A nation's position in factors of production such as skilled labor or the infrastructure necessary to compete in a given industry. Demand Conditions: The nature of home demand for the industry's product or service. Relating and Supporting Industries: The presence or absence in a nation of supplier industries and related industries that are internationally competitive. Firm Strategy, Structure, and Rivalry: The conditions in the nat ion governing how companies are created, organized, and managed and the nature of domestic rivalry.Porter speaks of these four attributes as constituting the diamond. He argues that firms are most likely to succeed in industries or industry segments where the diamond is most favorable. AACSB: Reflective thinking BT: Comprehension Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: National Competitive Advantage: Porter's Diamond 129. (p. 188) How does Porter's theory predict patterns in international trade? If Porter is correct, we would expect his model to predict the pattern of international trade that we observe in the real world.Countries should be exporting products from those industries where all four components of the diamond are favorable, while importing in those areas where the components are not favorable. Is he correct? We simply do not know. Porter's theory has not been subjected to detailed empirical testing. Much about the theory rings true, but the same can be said for the new trade theory, the theory of comparative advantage, and the Heckscher-Ohlin theory. It may be that each of these theories, which complement each other, explains something about the pattern of international trade.AACSB: Reflective thinking BT: Comprehension Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 5-4 Topic: National Competitive Advantage: Porter's Diamond 130. (p. 190) What does Porter's theory mention about policy implications? Porter's theory of national competitive advantage also contains policy implications. Porter's theory suggests that it is in the best interest of business for a firm to invest in upgrading advanced factors of production; for example, to invest in better training for its employees and to increase its commitment to research and development.It is also in the best interests of business to lobby the government to adopt policies that have a favorable impact on each component of the national diamond. Thus, according to Porter, businesses should urge government to increase investment in education, infrastructure, and basic research and to adopt policies that promote strong competition within domestic markets. AACSB: Reflective thinking BT: Comprehension Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 5-5 Topic: Focus on Managerial Implications

The Cyclist Poem

â€Å"The Cyclist† poetry commentary â€Å"The Cyclist† is a poem by Louis MacNeice which romanticizes the fleeting joys of childhood. These joys are emphasised through imagery of summer – be it activities, food, the beach, a bicycle ride, various techniques such as juxtaposition and enjambment are used to evoke fond memories from the reader. MacNeice’s poem is set in the southwest of England, on a hill with a chalk horse carved into it. It is during the height of summer, when the grasshoppers are buzzing and the children are playing outside. The character is a boy or a group of boys, and they are riding bicycles down a hill near to the chalk horse.The structure of the poem is quite disjointed, with only five sentences throughout three stanzas. Enjambment is used extensively to further reinforce the idea of a out of breath child, as by not ending each line with a full stop the poet is enticing the reader to continue and hear what this breathless child has to say. The use of time in â€Å"The Cyclist† is used to reinforce the notion that the pleasures of summer are temporary. In the first stanza, for example, on line 7, â€Å"but these five minutes† is a reference to both the comparatively short time of childhood and the rapid rush down the hill during summer. Also read: How to be Old Swenson AnalysisTime is again mentioned in line 24 (â€Å"For ten seconds more†) to remind the reader that time is ever-present, and that ageing is impossible to avoid for a child as adulthood draws every closer (emphasised in the decrease of time from five minutes to ten seconds). In general, the speaker in â€Å"The Cyclist† appears to be speaking as a child; he overuses and ‘accidentally’ mixes up words. For instance, on line 4 the speaker says â€Å"In the heat of the handlebars he grasps the summer†. This is plainly a child’s error, and it makes no sense as it is – it should be ‘heat of the summer he grasps the handlebars’.Another example of this is during the last stanza, where the speaker is describing various ways to enjoy the summer, he states â€Å"chase it with butterfly nets or strike [†¦ ] little red ball or gulp [†¦ ] cream /Or drink† (lines 18-20). This overuse of â⠂¬Å"or† again shows the flustered excitement when a child is overloaded with activities; they can’t possibly even speak fast enough to experience them all over the course of one short summer. The experiences which are breathlessly listed are all typical summertime activities, such as catching butterflies, playing cricket, eating summer fruits with cream or enjoying a ool drink in the shade. All of these activities are typically not long-lasting: butterflies slip out of nets, breath cannot be held underwater for long, and food and drink generally do not last long with hungry children around. Therefore, MacNeice is reinforcing the idea that childhood and summertime are fleeting joys which can only be carelessly enjoyed for a so long, and they should be savoured. There is interesting juxtaposition and repetition in the last four lines: repetition of â€Å"calmly† and juxtaposition between calm/stillness and movement.The last four lines also describe the feeling of p eace while you coast along on a bike with no need to pedal after having sped down a hill. â€Å"For ten seconds more can move as the horse in the chalk† means he can be still while still ‘galloping’ (as the horse carved into the hill is galloping, and yet cannot move). â€Å"Calmly regardless of tenses and final clauses† – again grammar is mentioned which refers to the â€Å"forgotten sentence† of school. The final line, â€Å"Calmly unendingly moves. †, is a reference to the horse carved into the hillside.This idea is strengthened in the first line, with â€Å"unpassing horse†. â€Å"unpassing† gives the idea that while the horse is constantly moving, it never actually moves. The fact that the poem both begins and ends with reference to this horse shows that it is one of main ideas of the poem. And so the horse remains there, seemingly for all eternity, fixed in its graceful stride, calmly, unendingly moving. Further jux taposition can also be found in the opposites of â€Å"Left-right-left†, which comes in as the poem approaches its end.It shows the child slowing down and needing to pedal to keep moving, as â€Å"Left-right-left† is the motion needed to turn the pedals one full circle. â€Å"And reaching the valley the boy must pedal again† (line 22) shows that the joys of summer are brief, and they only come once the ‘hill’ (seasons) has done a full cycle and the cyclist has returned himself to the crest of the hill. Water is a symbol which is heavily used in the second stanza and the beginning of the third stanza. It is used to show the innocence of childhood; the purity before the child becomes ‘polluted’ by reality and is forced to ‘pedal’ back up the hill of life.The second stanza begins with imagery of a meadow which quickly transforms into an ocean: â€Å"The grass boils with grasshoppers, a pebble /Scutters from under the wheelâ⠂¬ . The wonderfully poetic language assists in the seamless transition from meadow to ocean: the rolling grass hills are likened the boiling waves (heated by the sun), and the pebbles are compared with crabs, scuttering away to escape the bike’s wheel. The â€Å"boys riding their heat-wave† creates a picture of a surfer, â€Å"feet on a narrow plank and hair thrown back†.The narrow plank creates ambiguity, as the reader is not sure if the poet it referring to a surfboard or the pedals on a bike. The â€Å"spattered white† countryside spoken about on the previous line draws parallels between white caps on the ocean, the boys (whose skin colour would stand out against the green or blue) and the white chalk horses carved into the hills. The â€Å"heat-wave† is a play on words by MacNeice, as the real meaning is a period of exceptionally hot weather which usually occurs in summer. In this context though, it has a double meaning of figuratively Ã¢â‚¬Ë œsurfing’ on the ‘wave’ while ‘riding’ the wave on a bicycle.This water imagery then flows over into the next stanza, pulling the reader forward in the current of the poem, as it depicts the cyclist with a â€Å"surf of dust† (line 17) beneath him, more like a wave than a cloud of dust. The continuation of the sentence into the next stanza is another way MacNeice draws the reader onwards. The animals referred to throughout the poem are all typical summer creatures: grasshoppers chirping on a hot summers’ day, dragonflies suspended in the haze, horses running free over the hills, butterflies floating back and forth, crabs scuttling along a beach.These symbols reinforce MacNeice’s image of a perfect summertime. The poem as a whole – but especially the first stanza – likens life to a text or piece of writing, combined with the fleeting exhilaration of childhood: â€Å"Between the horizon’s brackets†, with the â€Å"main sentence† of adult life to be â€Å"picked up later†. The use of grammatical terms such as â€Å"brackets†, â€Å"parenthesis† and â€Å"tenses and final clauses† reminds the reader that school and education is always in the back of a child’s mind, not wanting for the summer to end.Through the use of poetic techniques such as juxtaposition and enjambment, MacNeice has created parallels between the joys of childhood and the fun of whizzing down a hill on a bicycle. Water imagery, the majority of which is found in the second paragraph, is used to show that summer enjoyment is not only limited to the meadows of southwest England, but can be enjoyed by the beach or surfing in the ocean. In â€Å"The Cyclist† Louis MacNeice seeks to make an initially light-hearted statement about the fun in being a child which slowly shifts into a more contemplative, melodramatic declaration of the inevitability of ageing and the passage of time.